A&P Ch. 1: The Human Body

617/201 1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy: The study of structures The Human Body: An Orientation • Subdivisions: - Gross or macroscopic anatomy (ex: regional, systemic anatomy) - Microscopic (ex: cytology, histology) - Developmental (ex: embryology) 2 • Essential tools for the study of anatomy: - Mastery of anatomical terminology - Observation - Manipulation - Palpation - Auscultation • Physiology: The study of function - Renal physiology - Neurophysiology - Cardiovascular physiology - Cell physiology 3 4 Principle ot Complementarity • Essential tools for the study of physiology: Ability to focus at many levels (from systemic to cellular and molecular) - Basic physical principles (ex: electrical currents, pressure, and movement) - Basic chemical principles • Anatomy and physiology are inseparable. - Function always reflects structure - What a structure can do depends on its specific form 5 6 Atoms Levels of Structural Organization 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.

Chemicals Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organism Molecule Organelle Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 8 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. 9 10 Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels Blood vessel (organ) Connective tissue Cells are made up ot Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. 11 12 Organ Systems • 11 Major organ systems make up the body 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. 13 14 Skeletal system Integumentary System (bones, cartilage, Joints) Protection

Support Muscle attachment & movement • Storage • Site of blood cell formation • (skin, sweat glands, hair, nails) • forms the outer body covering • Separates the internal structures from the external environment • Protects against injury 15 Muscular System 16 Digestive System • (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs) • (Numerous different muscles) • Breakdown of food • Movement • Absorption • Produce neat • Excretion 17 18 System Respiratory System • (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli) Ђў (heart, blood vessels, blood cells) • transports blood • Exchange of gases between body and atmosphere • Thermoregulation 19 20 Nervous System Lymphatic System • (lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen) • (brain, spinal cord, nerves, receptors, sense organs) • Protects against infection • Control center ot body • Filters lymph fluids • Intellect 21 Endocrine Urinary • (kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra) (the endocrine glands shown in fgure) • Filters blood • Regulation of: metabolism growth reproduction • Regulates: - Blood pH - Water levels Ion concentrations 24 Female Reproductive System Reproductive Systems • (ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina, mammary glands) • Production of offspring 25 Female Reproductive 26 • Site of: - Fertilization - Fetal development • Produce eggs (oocytes) • Produces hormones • Produce milk 27 Male Reproductive 28 Organ Systems Interrelationships • (testes, ducts, penis, accessory structures) • All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs • Produce sperm • Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions • Transfer sperm to